ABSTRACT
Flavoring additives are of great technological importance for the food industry. However, there is little information regarding the toxicological properties of these micro-ingredients, especially at the cellular level. The present study used meristematic root cells of Allium cepa L. to evaluate the toxicity of a liquid, aroma and flavor synthetic chocolate additive, manufactured and widely marketed throughout Brazil and exported to other countries in South America. The flavoring concentrations evaluated were 100.00; 50.00; 25.00; 1.00; 0.50 and 0.25 µL/L, where the highest concentration established was one-hundred times lower than that commercially suggested for use. The concentration 100 µL/L substantially reduced cell division of meristems within 24- and 48-hours exposure. Concentrations from 100.00 to 0.50 µL/L resulted in a significant number of prophases to the detriment of the other phases of cell division, indicating an aneugenic activity, and induced a significant number of cellular changes, with emphasis on micronuclei, nuclear buds and chromosomal breaks. Under the established analysis conditions, with the exception of concentration 0.25 µL/L, the flavoring of chocolate caused cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity to root meristems.
Os aditivos aromatizantes têm grande importância tecnológica para a indústria de alimentos. Contudo, poucas são as informações quanto as propriedades toxicológicas desses microingredientes, especialmente, em nível celular. No presente estudo avaliou-se, sobre as células meristemáticas de raízes de Allium cepa L., a toxicidade de um aditivo sintético líquido de aroma e sabor de chocolate, fabricado e amplamente comercializado em todo Brasil, e exportado para outros países da América do Sul. As concentrações de aromatizante avaliadas foram 100,00; 50,00; 25,00; 1,00; 0,50 e 0,25 µL/L, onde a maior concentração estabelecida foi cem vezes menor que a sugerida comercialmente para uso. Com base na interpretação dos resultados, a concentração 100 µL/L reduziu substancialmente a divisão celular dos meristemas nas 24 e 48 horas de exposição. As concentrações 100,00 a 0,50 µL/L demonstraram número significativo de prófases em detrimento as outras fases da divisão celular, indicando ação aneugênica, e induziram número significativo de alterações celulares, com ênfase a micronúcleos, broto nucleares e quebras cromossômicas. Nas condições de análises estabelecidas, com exceção a concentração 0,25 µL/L, o aromatizante de chocolate causou citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade aos meristemas radiculares.
Subject(s)
Chocolate , Mutagens/toxicity , DNA Damage , Brazil , Plant Roots , Onions , Food AdditivesABSTRACT
Resumo O agrotóxico malathion vem sendo amplamente utilizado no mundo em programas de controle de arboviroses e em 2015 foi classificado pela Agência Internacional para Pesquisas em Câncer (IARC) como provável agente carcinogênico para seres humanos. Este trabalho objetivou a sistematização das evidências dos efeitos carcinogênicos e mutagênicos associados à exposição do malathion e seus análogos, malaoxon e isomalathion. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados TOXLINE, PUBMED e SCOPUS por artigos originais publicados de 1983 a 2015. Do total de 273 artigos elegíveis, foram selecionados 73. Os resultados dos estudos in vitro e in vivo evidenciaram danos genéticos e cromossômicos provocados pelo malathion; os estudos epidemiológicos evidenciaram associações significativamente positivas para cânceres de tireóide, de mama, e ovariano em mulheres na menopausa. Estas evidências do efeito carcinogênico do malathion devem ser considerados diante de sua utilização em programas de controle de arboviroses.
Abstract Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a probable carcinogen to humans. This work aimed to systematize the evidence of the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects associated with the exposure of malathion and its analogs, malaoxon and isomalathion. The search was carried out in Toxline, PubMed and Scopus databases for original papers published from 1983 to 2015. In all, 73 papers were selected from a total of 273 eligible papers. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed mainly genetic and chromosomal damages caused by malathion. The epidemiological studies evidenced significant positive associations for thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers in menopausal women. This evidence of the carcinogenic effect of malathion should be considered before its use in arbovirus control programs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Malathion/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicityABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción. La exposición a solventes orgánicos y pinturas se ha asociado con efectos genotóxicos y mayor riesgo de neoplasias. Sin embargo, aún no se ha caracterizado bien el tipo de daño que esta exposición induce en el ADN humano, ni los mecanismos por los cuales se genera. Uno de los grupos con mayor exposición a dichos solventes y pinturas son los pintores de automóviles del sector informal que trabajan sin adecuadas prácticas de seguridad ocupacional. Objetivo. Determinar el daño oxidativo y por metilación del ADN de linfocitos de pintores de automóviles expuestos a solventes orgánicos y pinturas. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron linfocitos aislados de sangre periférica de 62 pintores y 62 sujetos no expuestos mediante el ensayo cometa de gran eficiencia acoplado a las enzimas Fpg y AlkA. Las categorías de daño en el ADN evaluadas fueron el daño basal (sin enzimas), el daño oxidativo y el daño por metilación, y el parámetro de medición, el porcentaje de ADN en la cola. Resultados. El porcentaje de ADN en la cola fue mayor en el grupo expuesto con respecto al no expuesto (p<0,05). En el grupo expuesto, dicho porcentaje fue mayor en la categoría de daño oxidativo comparado con la del basal (16,50 Vs. 12,87; p<0,001), en tanto que en el daño por metilación no se encontraron diferencias significativas (14,00 Vs. 12,87; p>0,05). Conclusión. La exposición a solventes orgánicos y pinturas se asoció con el aumento de las lesiones oxidativas del ADN de los linfocitos de pintores de automóviles, tales como la producción de 8-oxo-2'-desoxiguanosina (8-oxodG) y otros productos formamidopirimidina, los cuales se consideran considerablemente mutagénicos.
Abstract Introduction: The exposure to organic solvents and paints has been associated with genotoxicity and a greater risk of neoplasms. However, the type of DNA damage induced in humans by the exposure to these compounds, which would help explain the mechanisms of their genotoxicity, is still not fully characterized. Due to inadequate practices of occupational safety, car painters in the informal sector are a highly exposed group to organic solvents and paints. Objective: To identify the oxidative and methylating damage in the DNA of lymphocytes of car painters exposed to organic solvents and paints. Materials and methods: Isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 62 painters and 62 unexposed subjects were analyzed by the modified high-throughput comet assay with the Fpg and AlkA enzymes. The categories used for the evaluation of the DNA damage were basal damage (without enzymes), oxidative and methylating damage. The measurement parameter used to establish the damage was the percentage of DNA in the tail. Results: The percentage of DNA in the tail was higher in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group (p<0.05). In the exposed group, this percentage was higher in the oxidative damage category than the baseline (16.50 vs. 12.87; p<0.001), whereas methylating damage did not show significant differences (14.00 vs. 12.87; p>0.05). Conclusion: In this study, exposure to organic solvents and paints was associated with an increase in oxidative lesions in the DNA of car painters' lymphocytes, such as the production of 8-oxodG and other formamidopyrimidine products which are considered highly mutagenic.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Paint/toxicity , Solvents/toxicity , DNA Damage , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Oxidative Stress , DNA Methylation , Automobiles , DNA/drug effects , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Case-Control Studies , Cell Survival , Cross-Sectional Studies , Comet Assay , Mutagens/toxicityABSTRACT
Abstract The goal of this study was to analyze cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity to bone marrow cells of mice of nature identical synthetic flavorings, passion fruit and strawberry, and artificial synthetic flavorings, vanilla, chocolate, tutti-frutti and cookie, at doses 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 5.0 and 10.0 mL/kg. The additives were given to the animals by gavage in a single daily application for seven days. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post Tukey's post hoc test, p <0.05. Animals treated with 2.0; 5.0 and 10.0 mL/Kg of flavorings chocolate, strawberry and cookie, and 5.0 and 10.0 mL/Kg of flavorings vanilla and passion fruit died on the fifth and sixth day of the experiment, respectively. The doses 0.5 and 1.0 mL/Kg of the six additives significantly reduced erythropoiesis in the examined tissue. Also, treatments 0.5 and 1.0 mL/Kg of chocolate, and 1.0 mL/Kg of strawberry and biscuit induced the formation of micronuclei in the bone marrow erythrocytes, at a significant frequency. Therefore, under the study conditions, the six microingredients analyzed were cytotoxic and genotoxic, and additives strawberry, chocolate and cookie were also mutagenic in at least one of the evaluated doses.
Resumo Os aromatizantes são essenciais para a indústria na confecção de alimentos industrializados. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre o potencial tóxico desses microingredientes alimentares. Dessa forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar, em células de medula óssea de camundongos, a citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade de aromatizantes alimentares sintéticos idênticos ao natural, de maracujá e morango, e artificiais, de baunilha, chocolate, tutti-frutti e biscoito, nas doses 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 5,0 e 10,0 mL/Kg. Os aditivos foram administrados aos animais via gavagem em aplicação diária única durante sete dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao procedimento estatístico ANOVA com pós teste de Tukey, com p < 0.05. Os animais tratados com 2,0; 5,0 e 10,0 mL/Kg dos aromatizantes de chocolate, morango e biscoito, e 5,0 e 10,0 mL/Kg dos aromatizantes de baunilha e maracujá vieram a óbito no quinto e sexto dia de experimento, respectivamente. As doses 0,5 e 1,0 mL/Kg dos seis aditivos reduziram significativamente a eritropoiese do tecido analisado. Ainda, os tratamentos 0,5 e 1,0 mL/kg de chocolate, e 1,0 mL/Kg de morango e biscoito induziram a formação de micronúcleos aos eritrócitos de medula em frequência significante. Portanto, nas condições de estudo estabelecidas, os seis microingredientes analisados foram citotóxico e genotóxicos, e os aditivos de morango, chocolate e biscoito também foram mutagênicos em pelo menos uma das doses avaliadas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects , Bone Marrow Cells/pathology , Flavoring Agents/toxicity , Cytotoxins/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicityABSTRACT
Abstract Salacia crassifolia (Mart. Ex. Schult.) G. Don. is a bush which belongs to Celastraceae family and occurs specially in Brazilian Cerrado. Its leaves, stem, seeds and fruits are popularly used for several medicinal purposes, such as antitumoral, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. In this study, the mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of S. crassifolia stem bark fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic) were evaluated by the Ames mutagenicity assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. By the obtained results, all S. crassifolia fractions did not significantly increase the number of prototrophic revertants for histidine (His+) in both S. typhimurium strains tested (p > 0.05), suggesting absence of mutagenicity. Regarding antimutagenicity, the fractions ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic significantly decreased the number of His+ revertants colonies induced by positive control for strain TA98 (p < 0.05), demonstrating protection against mutagenicity induced by 4-nitroquinolile1-oxide, whereas the hexane fraction did not show antimutagenic effect in this strain. In the TA100 strain, all fractions of S. crassifolia protected DNA against the harmful action of sodium azide, and the hexane fraction exhibited the greatest protection in this work. Thus, it's possible conclude that the fractions of S. crassifolia tested in this study could be used in chemoprevention.
Resumo Salacia crassifolia (Mart. Ex. Schult.) G. Don. é uma árvore que pertence à família Celastraceae e ocorre especialmente no Cerrado Brasileiro. Suas folhas, caule, sementes e frutos são popularmente utilizados para vários fins medicinais, tais como antitumoral, antirreumático, anti-inflamatório e antimicrobiano. Neste estudo, nós avaliamos as atividades mutagênica e antimutagênica de frações da casca do caule de S. crassifolia (hexânica, acetato de etila e hidroalcoólica) pelo ensaio de mutagenicidade de Ames em Salmonella typhimurium, cepas TA98 e TA100. Pelos resultados obtidos todas as frações de S. crassifolia não aumentaram significativamente o número de revertentes prototróficas para histidina (His+) em ambas as cepas de S. typhimurium testadas (p > 0.05), sugerindo ausência de mutagenicidade. Em relação à antimutagenicidade, as frações acetate de etila e hidroalcoólica reduziram significativamente o número de colônias revertentes His+ induzidas pelo controle positive para a cepa TA98 (p < 0.05), demonstrando sua ação protetora contra a mutagenicidade induzida por 4-nitroquinolile1-oxide, enquanto a fração hexânica não demonstrou efeito antimutagênico nesta cepa. Na cepa TA100, todas as frações de S. crassifolia protegeram o DNA contra a ação lesiva de azida sódica, e a fração hexânica exibiu a maior proteção desse trabalho. Assim, concluímos que as frações de S. crassifolia testadas neste estudo poderiam ser utilizadas em quimioprevenção.
Subject(s)
Antimutagenic Agents/pharmacology , Salacia/chemistry , Mutagens/toxicity , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Mutagenicity Tests , 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide/toxicityABSTRACT
Abstract The present study evaluated the genotoxic effects of the atmospheric air on Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea in urban areas with different intensities of vehicular traffic and in riparian forest fragments in the Sinos River Basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), considering the influence of climatic conditions prevailing in these environments. Bimonthly, from May 2012 to March 2013, cuttings with flower buds were exposed for 8 h in urban and riparian forest environments in the municipalities of Caraá, Taquara and Campo Bom in the upper, middle and lower sections, respectively, of the Sinos River Basin. Simultaneously, negative controls were made and climatic data were recorded. Micronuclei (MCN) frequencies were determined in young tetrads of pollen mother cells and expressed as MCN/100 tetrads. Significantly higher MCN frequencies were observed in buds exposed in urban and riparian forest environments in Taquara (up to 7.23 and 4.80, respectively) and Campo Bom (up to 4.90 and 4.23, respectively) than in buds exposed in Caraá (up to 2.90 and 2.50, respectively), in the majority of samplings, and in relation to the negative control (up to 1.93) in all months. Over the course of the period monitored, there were significant variations in MCN frequencies at all sampling points, with the exception of the urban environment in Caraá. For the urban environments, relation between the MCN frequency, vehicular traffic and mean temperature was observed. For the riparian forest fragments, there was no association between MCN frequency and climatic factors. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea can be considered a useful tool to point out areas with increased atmospheric pollution, since the exposure of plants under severe climatic conditions is avoided to minimize their negative influence on the formation of micronuclei.
Resumo O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos genotóxicos do ar atmosférico sobre Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea em áreas urbanas com diferentes intensidades de tráfego veicular e em fragmentos de mata ciliar na Bacia do Rio dos Sinos (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil), considerando a influência de condições climáticas prevalecentes nesses ambientes. Bimensalmente, de maio de 2012 a março de 2013, ramos com botões florais foram expostos por 8 h em ambientes urbanos e de mata ciliar nos municípios de Caraá, Taquara e Campo Bom nos trechos superior, médio e inferior, respectivamente, da Bacia do Rio dos Sinos. Simultaneamente, foram realizados controles negativos e levantados dados climáticos. Frequências de micronúcleos (MCN) foram determinadas em tétrades jovens de células-mãe de grãos de pólen e expressas como MCN/100 tétrades. Frequências de MCN significativamente superiores foram observadas em botões expostos nos ambientes urbanos e de matas ciliares em Taquara (até 7,23 e 4,80, respectivamente) e Campo Bom (até 4,90 e 4,23, respectivamente) do que em botões expostos em Caraá (até 2,90 e 2,50, respectivamente), na maioria das amostragens, e em relação ao controle negativo (até 1,93) em todos os meses. Ao longo do período monitorado, ocorreram variações significativas nas frequências de MCN em todos os pontos amostrais, com exceção do ambiente urbano de Caraá. Para os ambientes urbanos, foi observada relação entre a frequência de MCN, tráfego veicular e temperatura média. Para os fragmentos de mata ciliar, não houve associação entre a frequência de MCN e fatores climáticos. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea pode ser considerada uma ferramenta útil para apontar áreas com poluição atmosférica aumentada, desde que, sob condições climáticas severas, a exposição das plantas seja evitada, para minimizar o efeito destas sobre a formação de micronúcleos.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , DNA Damage , Mutagens/toxicity , Tradescantia/drug effects , Vehicle Emissions/toxicity , Brazil , Cities , Climate , Environmental Monitoring , ForestsABSTRACT
Introducción. En Colombia, la minería es una actividad económica importante; sin embargo, genera grandes cantidades de residuos que contienen elementos potencialmente tóxicos, como los metales pesados, que contaminan los ecosistemas y ponen en riesgo la salud humana. La región de La Mojana es una de las zonas más ricas en biodiversidad del planeta y se ha visto sometida a procesos de contaminación muy relacionados con la minería de oro que se desarrolla en sus alrededores. Objetivo. Evaluar la genotoxicidad en una población expuesta a residuos de metales pesados en la región de La Mojana. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron los efectos genotóxicos y su relación con la concentración de metales pesados (mercurio, cadmio y plomo) en muestras de sangre de la población expuesta y el grupo de control. El grupo expuesto lo conformaron habitantes de los municipios de Guaranda, Sucre, Majagual y San Marcos; en el grupo de control se incluyó a habitantes del municipio de Montería. Se determinó el daño en el ADN mediante el ensayo cometa en condiciones alcalinas. Las concentraciones de mercurio se establecieron mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica con vapor frío, en tanto que las de cadmio y plomo se determinaron por espectrometría de absorción atómica en horno de grafito. Resultados. Las concentraciones de los metales sobrepasaron los límites permitidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se evidenciaron efectos genotóxicos posiblemente asociados a la presencia de los metales en la sangre. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas (p<0,05) entre la presencia de mercurio y de cadmio, y el daño en el ADN. Conclusión. Estos resultados sugieren que el daño genético registrado en pobladores de la región de La Mojana, Colombia, puede estar asociado a la presencia de los metales estudiados en las muestras de sangre.
Introduction: Mining is an economically important activity in Colombia which generates large quantities of residues containing potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. These contaminate ecosystems and place human health at risk. La Mojana lies within one of the most biodiversity-rich zones on Earth and has been subjected to processes of contamination closely related to gold mining activities in the surrounding areas. Objective: To evaluate genotoxicity in the population of La Mojana region exposed to heavy metals. Materials and methods: Genotoxic effects and their relationship with concentrations of heavy metals (mercury, cadmium and lead) in blood were evaluated among an exposed population and a control group. The exposed group comprised inhabitants of the municipalities of Guaranda, Sucre, Majagual and San Marcos; inhabitants of the municipality of Montería were chosen as a control group. DNA damage was determined using the alkaline comet assay. Concentrations of mercury were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, and those of cadmium and lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Concentrations of the heavy metals exceeded the limits permitted by the World Health Organization. Genotoxic effects were found in the exposed population, possibly associated with the presence of these metals in blood. Significant associations (p<0.05) were found between mercury and cadmium levels and damage to DNA. Conclusion: These results suggest that the genetic damage recorded among inhabitants of the region of La Mojana, Colombia, may be associated with the presence of heavy metals in the blood.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Environmental Exposure , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Colombia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cadmium/blood , Lead/blood , Mercury/bloodABSTRACT
Some water bodies in the Sinos River Basin (SRB) have been suffering the effects of pollution by residential, industrial and agroindustrial wastewater. The presence of cytotoxic and genotoxic compounds could compromise the water quality and the balance of these ecosystems. In this context, the research aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the water at four sites along the SRB (in the cities of Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Parobé, Campo Bom and Esteio), using bioassays in fish and cell culture. Samples of surface water were collected and evaluated
Alguns corpos d’água da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos (BHRS) vêm sofrendo os efeitos da poluição por efluentes domésticos, industriais e agroindustriais. A presença de compostos citotóxicos e genotóxicos pode comprometer a qualidade da água e o equilíbrio desses ecossistemas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a genotoxicidade e a citotoxicidade da água em quatro pontos ao longo da BHRS (Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Parobé, Campo Bom e Esteio), utilizando bioensaios em peixes e em cultura celular. As amostras de água de superfície foram coletadas e avaliadas
Subject(s)
Animals , Cytotoxins/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Rivers/chemistry , Water Quality , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Brazil , Chlorocebus aethiops , Comet Assay , Characidae/genetics , Characidae/metabolism , DNA Damage , Environmental Monitoring , Micronucleus Tests , Vero CellsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preservação da fertilidade e dos ovários em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia por tumor anexial benigno. MÉTODOS: Para este estudo observacional com coleta prospectiva foram incluídas 206 mulheres operadas no CAISM-Unicamp de fevereiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2014. A preservação da fertilidade foi definida como tumorectomia ou anexectomia unilateral sem histerectomia em mulheres na pré-menopausa. A preservação ovariana foi considerada quando pelo menos um ovário ou parte dele foi preservado. RESULTADOS: Das 206 mulheres com tumores anexiais benignos, 120 (58%) estavam na pré-menopausa e 86 (42%) na pós-menopausa. Na pré-menopausa, foram encontrados 36 (30%) tumores de células germinativas, 31 (26%) neoplasias epiteliais e 11 (9%) do cordão sexual e estroma. Na pós-menopausa foram identificados 35 (41%) neoplasias epiteliais, 27 (31%) do cordão sexual e estroma e 8 (9%) de células germinativas. Entre as 36 mulheres com tumores ovarianos não neoplásicos, 21 (58%) apresentavam endometriomas e 8 (22%) cistos funcionais. Das 22 mulheres com tumores extra ovarianos, o leiomioma uterino foi o achado mais frequente (50%). Entre as pacientes com ≤35 anos, 26 (57%) foram submetidas à tumorectomia e 18 (39%) a anexectomia unilateral com preservação do útero e anexo contralateral. Mulheres com ≤35 anos foram mais frequentemente operadas por laparoscopia que esteve associada a maior taxa de preservação de fertilidade quando comparada com a laparotomia (p<0,01). Observou-se que 26 das pacientes submetidas à histerectomia com anexectomia (28%) bilateral estavam na pré-menopausa. CONCLUSÕES: Embora se observe uma tendência em realizar apenas tumorectomia em mulheres com ≤35 anos, uma proporção significativa de mulheres jovens ainda é ...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the sparing of fertility and ovaries in women submitted to surgical treatment for benign adnexal tumors. METHODS: Between February 2010 and January 2014, 206 patients were included in this observational study as they were submitted to surgical treatment for benign ovarian tumors at CAISM, a tertiary hospital. Fertility sparing surgery was defined as tumorectomy or unilateral salpingoophorectomy without hysterectomy in premenopausal women. Preservation of the ovary occurred when at least one ovary or part of it was mantained. RESULTS: Of the 206 women with benign tumors, 120 (58%) were premenopausal and 86 (42%) were postmenopausal. There were 36 (30%) ovarian germ cell tumors, 31 (26%) epithelial neoplasms and 11 (9%) sex-cord stromal tumors among premenopausal women. In the group of postmenopausal women, 35 (41%) epithelial neoplasms, 27 (31%) sex-cord stromal tumors and 8 (9%) ovarian germ cell tumors were identified. Among 36 women with non-neoplastic ovarian tumors, 21 (58%) had endometriomas and 8 (22%) functional cysts. Among 22 women with extra-ovarian tumors, uterine leiomyomatosis was the most frequent finding (50%). In the group of women who were ≤35 years old, 26 (57%) were treated by tumorectomy and 18 (39%) were submitted to unilateral salpingoophorectomy with sparing of the uterus and the contralateral ovary. Women who were ≤35 years old were more frequently operated by laparoscopy which was associated with a higher number of fertility sparing procedures when compared to laparotomy (p<0.01). Twenty-six (28%) women submitted to hysterectomy with bilateral salpingoophorectomy were premenopausal. CONCLUSION: Although there is a trend to perform only tumorectomy in women who are ≤35 years old, a significant number of young women is still treated by salpingoophorectomy. Among 36- to 45-year-old women, only 70% had their fertility spared, while 20% had both ovaries removed. ...
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Rats , Bone Marrow Cells , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Flow Cytometry/methods , Micronucleus Tests , Benzimidazoles , Cell Separation , Erythrocyte Aging , Epoxy Compounds/toxicity , Erythrocytes/cytology , Fluorescent Dyes , Glycols/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Rats, Sprague-DawleySubject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Butadienes/toxicity , Styrenes/toxicity , Bone Marrow/drug effects , Butadienes/metabolism , Carcinogens/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Synergism , Epoxy Compounds/blood , Epoxy Compounds/metabolism , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Mice, Inbred Strains , Micronucleus Tests , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/toxicity , Styrene , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/drug effects , Styrenes/metabolism , Toxicity Tests , Thymus Gland/cytology , Thymus Gland/drug effectsABSTRACT
In the last times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world. Euphorbia tirucalli L., a plant known popularly as Aveloz, and originally used in Africa, has been drawing attention for its use in the United States and Latin America, both for use as an ornamental plant and as a medicinal plant. E. tirucalli L. is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae and contains many diterpenoids and triterpenoids, in particular phorbol esters, apparently the main constituent of this plant, which are assumed to be responsible for their activities in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro antifungal activities of Euphorbia tirucalli (L.) against opportunistic yeasts were studied using microbroth dilution assay. The results showed that aqueous extract and latex preparation were effective against ten clinical strains of Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro (Latex and extract MIC range of 3.2 - > 411 µg/mL). Aiming the safe use in humans, the genotoxic effects of E. tirucalli were evaluated in human leukocytes cells. Our data show that both aqueous extract and latex preparation have no genotoxic effect in human leukocytes cells in vitro. Although the results cannot be extrapolated by itself for use in vivo, they suggest a good perspective for a therapeutic application in future. In conclusion, our results show that the aqueous extract and latex preparation from E. tirucalli L. are antifungal agents effectives against several strains of C. neoformans and do not provoke DNA damage in human leukocyte cells, considering the concentrations tested.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Cryptococcus neoformans/drug effects , Euphorbiaceae/chemistry , Leukocytes/drug effects , Mutagens/toxicity , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification , Antifungal Agents/toxicity , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/toxicityABSTRACT
Objetivo. Describir la tendencia de las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer oral (CaO) en Cali, Colombia durante el periodo 1962-2007. Material y métodos. Se obtuvieron las tasas estandarizadas por edad (población mundial) de incidencia (TIEE) y mortalidad (TMEE) por CaO con información del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer en Cali-Colombia (RPCC) y de la Secretaría de Salud Pública Municipal de Cali (SSPM), respectivamente. Se utilizó el porcentaje de cambio anual (APC) para describir la tendencia de las mismas. Resultados. Se registraron 1637 casos nuevos de CaO y la edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 60 años. Las TIEE disminuyeron entre 1962-2007 en hombres APC= -1.3 (IC95%:-2.0; -0.6) y mujeres, APC= -1.0 (IC95%: -1.7; -0.4). Las TMEE disminuyeron entre 1984-2001 sólo en los hombres, APC= -2.8 (IC95%: -4.1; -1.5). Conclusión. La morbilidad y mortalidad por CaO ha disminuido de manera significativa en Cali, Colombia. El tipo de tumor asociado con estos cambios fue el carcinoma de células escamosas.
Objective. To describe the time trends of the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer (OC) in Cali, Colombia between 1962-2007. Materials and methods. Age-standardized (Segi's world population) incidence (ASIR) and mortality (ASMR) rates for oral cancer were estimated using data from the Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali, Colombia and from the database of the Municipal Secretary of Public Health (MSPH) respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was used to measure the changes in rates over time. Results. 1637 new cases of oral cancer were registered in the CPCR and the mean age upon diagnosis was 60 years. The ASIR decreased from 1962-2007 in men APC= 1.3 (IC95%:-2.0; -0.6) and women APC= -1.0 (IC95%: -1.7; -0.4).The ASMR decreased from 1984-2001 only in men, APC=2.8 (IC95%: -4.1; -1.5). Conclusions. There was a significant decrease in the incidence and mortality rates for OC in Cali, Colombia. The type of tumor associated to these changes was the squamous cell carcinoma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Rats , Chromosome Aberrations , Epoxy Compounds/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Sister Chromatid Exchange , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Species Specificity , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/drug effectsABSTRACT
El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer a nivel global. La dieta y el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, además de la infección por Helicobacter pylori determinan un gran número de casos de esta neoplasia. Algunos alimentos contienen sustancias que podrían influir en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, aunque los mecanismos subyacentes no están completamente dilucidados. En México y el mundo, la disminución en el consumo de frutas, vegetales no feculentos y allium, leguminosas y alimentos fuente de selenio, así como el aumento en el consumo de sal, alimentos salados, salmuera y ahumados, chile, carnes procesadas y asadas o a la parrilla se han asociado respectivamente con un aumento de riesgo de CG. Con la evidencia disponible, se podrían desarrollar y evaluar programas para la prevención y control del CG.
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourt leading cause of cancer death at global level. Diet, alcohol and tobacco, in addition to Helicobacter pylori infection, account for a large number of cases. Some substances contained in foods may influence GC carcinogenesis process; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In Mexico and worldwide, a low intake of fruits, non-starchy and allium vegetables, pulses, and foods containing selenium, as well as high intake of salt, salty, salted and smoked foods, chili pepper, processed and grilled/barbecued meats, have been respectively associated with an increased risk of GC. Based on the available evidence, programs for GC prevention and control could be developed and evaluated.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Epoxy Compounds/toxicity , Glycols/toxicity , Micronucleus Tests/methods , Mutagens/toxicity , Spermatids/drug effects , Butadienes/metabolism , Butadienes/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Epoxy Compounds/metabolism , Glycols/metabolism , Meiosis/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
La fiebre chikungunya (CHIK) es una enfermedad viral transmitida al ser humano por el mismo vector del dengue, el mosquito Aedes. Además de fiebre y fuertes dolores articulares, produce otros síntomas como mialgias, cefalea, náuseas, cansancio y exantema. No tiene tratamiento específico; el manejo terapéutico de los pacientes se enfoca en el alivio de los síntomas. Históricamente se han reportado brotes de grandes proporciones; incluso desde 2010 se llegó a considerar como una potencial epidemia emergente. En 2013 se introdujo a las islas del Caribe y recientemente se ha reportado en el continente americano. En este trabajo se describe el primer caso confirmado de chikungunya en México, en el municipio de Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, en mayo de 2014, importado de la isla Antigua y Barbuda, en el Caribe, por una mujer de 39 años de edad.
Chikungunya fever (CHIK) is a viral disease transmitted to human beings by the same vector as dengue -the Aedes mosquito. Besides fever and severe pain in the joints, it produces other symptoms such as myalgias, headache, nausea, fatigue and exanthema. There is no specific treatment for it; the therapeutic management of patients focuses on symptom relief. Historically, outbreaks of large proportions have been reported; even since 2010 it was considered to be a potential emerging epidemic. In 2013 it was introduced into the islands of the Caribbean, and it has recently been reported in the American continent. This paper describes the first confirmed case of chikungunya in Mexico -in the municipality of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, in May, 2014-, which was imported from the Caribbean island of Antigua and Barbuda by a 39 year-old woman.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Male , Rats , Antidotes/pharmacology , Hot Temperature , Imidazoles/toxicity , Meat , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mutagens/toxicity , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Ubiquinone/pharmacology , Antidotes/administration & dosage , Cooking , Diet , Electron Transport Complex II , Electron Transport Complex III/metabolism , Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism , Electron Transport/drug effects , Food, Fortified , Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism , Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects , Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism , Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects , Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism , Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism , NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)/metabolism , Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Succinate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Ubiquinone/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the in vitro toxicity of different concentrations of sevoflurane in cells exposed to X-ray. Methods: The genotoxic effects of sevofluorane were studied by means of the micronucleus test in cytokinesis-blocked cells of irradiated human lymphocytes. Subsequently, its cytotoxic effects on PNT2 (normal prostate) cells was determined using the cell viability test (MTT) and compared with those induced by different doses of X-rays. Results: A dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of sevofluorane on PNT2 cells was determined (p >0.001) and a dose-dependent genotoxic effect of sevofluorane was established (p >0.001). Hovewer, at volumes lower than 30 μL of sevofluorane at 100%, a non-toxic effect on PNT2 cells was shown. Conclusion: sevofluorane demonstrates a genotoxic capacity as determined in vitro by micronucleus test in cytokinesis-blocked cells of irradiated human lymphocytes.
Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad genotóxica del anestésico sevofluorano en en células expuestas a radiación ionizante. Métodos: La genotoxicidad del sevofluorane se determinó mediante el test del bloqueo citocinético de linfocitos humanos irradiados bloqueados con citochalasina. La capacidad citotóxica se determinó mediante el test de viabilidad celular e inhibición del crecimiento celular (MTT) en células PNT2 (epiteliales de próstata), comparando sus resultados con los inducidos por diferentes dosis de rayos X. Resultados: Se ha determinado un efecto citotóxico del sevofluorane sobre las células PNT2 que presenta correlación con la dosis administrada y el tiempo de estudio utilizado (p >0.001), así como un efecto genotóxico con características dosis-dependientes (p >0.001). Sin embargo, con volúmenes de sevofluorane puro inferiores a 30 μL no encontramos efecto citotóxico sobre las células PNT2. Conclusión: Sevofluorane muestra una significativa capacidad genotóxica in vitro determinada mediante el test de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos irradiados con bloqueados citocinético mediante citochalsina.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Anesthetics, Inhalation/toxicity , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Methyl Ethers/toxicity , Prostate/drug effects , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Lymphocytes/radiation effects , Micronucleus Tests , Methyl Ethers/administration & dosage , Mutagens/administration & dosage , Mutagens/toxicity , Prostate/cytology , Radiation, Ionizing , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The compounds 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide promote the successful production of cloned mammals and have been used in the development of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. This study investigated the effects of 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide in vitro, using the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay to assess cytotoxicity, the trypan blue exclusion assay to assess cell viability, the comet assay to assess genotoxicity, and the micronucleus test with cytokinesis block to test mutagenicity. In addition, the comet assay and the micronucleus test were also performed on peripheral blood cells of 54 male Swiss mice, 35 g each, to assess the effects of the compounds in vivo. The results indicated that both 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide, at the concentrations and doses tested, were cytotoxic in vitro and genotoxic and mutagenic in vitro and in vivo, altered the nuclear division index in vitro, but did not diminish cell viability in vitro. Considering that alterations in DNA play important roles in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and morphofunctional teratogenesis and reduce embryonic viability, this study indicated that 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide utilized in the process of mammalian cloning may be responsible for the low embryo viability commonly seen in nuclear transfer after implantation in utero.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Comet Assay , Cloning, Organism/methods , Cycloheximide/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Adenine/toxicity , Cell Culture Techniques , Coloring Agents , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cytokinesis/drug effects , /drug effects , Mammals , Micronucleus Tests , Mutagenicity Tests , Nuclear Transfer Techniques , Tetrazolium Salts/pharmacology , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Trypan Blue/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Chloropropanols, including 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), comprise a group of chemicalcontaminants with carcinogenic and genotoxic properties. They have been found in a variety of processed foods and food ingredients, suchas hydrolyzed vegetable protein, soy sauce, cereal-based products, malt-derived ingredients, and smoked foods. This study aimed to assessthe dietary exposure to 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP in Brazil and verify whether the presence of these substances in foods could represent healthrisks. The intake was calculated by combining data on food consumption, provided by the Consumer Expenditure Survey 2008-2009, withthe levels of contaminant occurrence determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The exposure to 3-MCPD ranged from 0.06 to0.51 µg.kg bw1.day1 considering average and high consumers, while the intake of 1,3-DCP was estimated to be 0.0036 µg.kg bw1.day1 inthe worst case scenario evaluated. Based on these results, it was verified that the Brazilians exposure to chloropropanols does not present asignificant health risk. However, the consumption of specific foods containing high levels of 3-MCPD could exceed the provisional maximumtolerable daily intake of 2 μg.kg bw1 established for this compound and, therefore, represent a potential concern.
Os cloropropanóis, entre eles o 3-monocloropropano-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) e o 1,3-dicloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), compreendem um grupo de contaminantes químicos com propriedades carcinogênicas e genotóxicas, encontrados em diversos alimentos processados e ingredientes alimentícios, como proteína vegetal hidrolisada, molho de soja, produtos à base de cereais, ingredientes derivados de malte e alimentos defumados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a exposição ao 3-MCPD e 1,3-DCP pela dieta no Brasil e verificar se a presença destes compostos em alimentos pode representar um risco à saúde da população. A ingestão foi calculada combinando-se dados sobre o consumo alimentar, fornecidos pela Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiares 2008-2009, com os níveis de ocorrência dos contaminantes, determinados por cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massas. A exposição ao 3-MCPD variou de 0,06 a 0,51 µg.kg pc1.dia1 considerando médios e grandes consumidores, enquanto que a ingestão de 1,3-DCP foi estimada em 0,0036 µg.kg pc1.dia1 no pior cenário avaliado. Com base nesses resultados, verificou-se que a exposição aos cloropropanóis não representa um risco significativo à saúde da população brasileira.Entretanto, o consumo de determinados alimentos contendo altos níveis de 3-MCPD poderia ultrapassar a ingestão diária máxima tolerável provisória de 2 μg.kg pc1 estabelecida para este composto e, assim, representar uma preocupação potencial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Carcinogens/toxicity , Food Pollutants, Chemical , Mutagens/toxicity , Eating , Industrialized FoodsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the sensitivity of plant bioassays: Tradescantia-micronucleus [Trad-MCN] tests using BNL 02 and 4430 clones, and Crepis capillaris hairy roots chromosome aberrations test. The evaluation of the sensitivity of the tests was based on the example of the analysis of the genotoxicity of water samples from two natural water reservoirs in Poland: the Rawa River, heavily polluted by industry, and the Goczalkowice - drinking water reservoir. Both tests showed genotoxicity of the Goczalkowice and Rawa waters. The results suggested the stronger genotoxic effect of water samples on Tradescantia 4430 clone compared to BNL 02. Tradescantia 4430 was a more sensitive bioindicator of genotoxicity than C. capillaris hairy roots. However it has been proved that Crepis capillaris hairy roots could be used as a convenient system for the environmental monitoring of water samples. Our study is the first example of using the TUNEL test [TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling] to determine the genotoxicity of water pollutants
Subject(s)
Micronucleus Tests , Mutagens/toxicity , Sensitivity and Specificity , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Rivers , Environmental Monitoring , Biological AssayABSTRACT
Introducción. Los mutágenos contenidos en mezclas complejas presentan interacciones de sinergismo, aditivas o antagónicas. Se han desarrollado enfoques experimentales que permitan dilucidar el responsable de las interacciones en la mezcla. Objetivo. Desarrollar un diseño experimental para comprender los procesos que se llevan a cabo entre los compuestos presentes en las mezclas complejas. Materiales y métodos. Se expusieron linfocitos humanos a mezclas binarias de mutágenos B[a]P, DMBA, Trp-P-1 y MX durante una hora, con activación metabólica y sin ella. La viabilidad se evaluó con azul de tripano y, la genotoxicidad, con cometa alcalino. Resultados. Ningún hidrocarburo tuvo efecto con furanona. Con S9 y sin él, se observó que se presentaban interacciones tóxicas entre hidrocarburos. Se observó sinergismo sin S9 entre B[a]P y Trp-P-1 y, con actividad metabólica, entre DMBA y Trp-P-1. Sin S9 se observó interacción antagónica entre Trp-P-1 y DMBA y, con S9, entre Trp-P-1 y MX y entre MX y DMBA. Se observó un incremento dependiente de la dosis en la longitud de la cola. Hubo daño genotóxico medio y aumento de las células dañadas. Para todas las mezclas se pudo determinar la concentración mínima en la que se observaban efectos adversos y solo para algunas se determinó la concentración máxima en la cual no se observaron efectos adversos. Conclusión. Se hace un aporte para comprender los procesos que ocurren cuando en una mezcla hay presentes, al menos, dos mutágenos y se valida un modelo de análisis que permite dilucidar el compuesto que tiene efecto sobre otro. También, se demostró que según el tipo de compuestos en la mezcla, se tendrá o no un umbral de riesgo.
Introduction. Mutagens contained in complex mixtures can present synergistic interactions, either additive or antagonistic. Therefore, development of experimental approaches is necessary to elucidate which is the responsible agent for the effect in the mixtures. Objective. An experimental design was developed that allowed an understanding of the processes between the compounds of complex mixtures. Materials and methods. Human lymphocytes were exposed to binary mixtures of the mutagens B[a]P, DMBA, Trp-P-1 and MX for 1 hour with or without S9. Viability was assessed with trypan blue dye and the genotoxicity by the comet assay. Results. All of the hydrocarbon showed an effect with furanone. With and without S9, the most toxic interactions were observed between hydrocarbons. Synergistic interaction was observed without S9 between B [a] P and Trp-P-1 and between DMBA and Trp-P-1 with metabolic activity. Without S9 antagonistic interaction was observed only between Trp-P-1+DMBA, and with S9 between Trp-P-1+MX and MX+DMBA. It observed an increase dose dependent in tail length. Half the cultures showed genotoxic damage and increased cell damage. For each mixture, minimum concentrations were determined at which adverse effects are observed; for some only the maximum concentration was determined at which no adverse effects are observed. Conclusion. The processes between mutagens present in a mixture have become better understood, and the results validated an analytical model that determined which component had an effect on another. The results also showed that the type of compounds in the mixture determined whether or not a risk threshold was present.